Memorial dedicated to Indian Anzacs to be unveiled in Sydney

Twelve Indian-origin soldiers volunteered for the Australian Imperial Force during WWI, according to the records in the National Archives of Australia.

Troop ship

Troop ship, showing some Australian officers and soldiers deployed overseas during WWI Source: State Library of Victoria

A memorial commemorating the contribution of Indian soldiers who served in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) will be unveiled in Sydney on Saturday.

The memorial-the first of its kind in NSW- has been constructed by the Hindu Council of Australia with the support of MP Julian Leeser, Hornsby RSL-Sub Branch and other local community organisations, with a grant from the Department of Veterans’ Affairs.

The memorial has been constructed to draw attention towards the lesser known history and sacrifices made by the Indian military personnel who fought alongside the ANZAC forces during World War I (WWI).
Indian soldiers in WWI
Source: Supplied

Background and History:

Some of them were deployed overseas in Europe, Egypt and other theatres of war, going on to serve to nation honourably, with two laying down their lives in Belgium during June 1917. Others faced disciplinary action, and others still were dismissed from the AIF for disobedience, medical reasons or because the soldier was “not of substantially European descent.” But that was indeed the time, when the White Australia policy was implemented in all walks of life.

Despite that, 12 men of Indian origin were recorded as Australian soldiers by recruiting authorities during WWI.

 “The Australian Imperial Force was founded in August 1914,” says noted historian Prof Peter Stanley. “It was specifically created as a volunteer force which would serve overseas for the duration of the war.”  The AIF was later disbanded in 1920, after all the deployed soldiers had returned to Australia and records indicate that all the Indian Anzacs were discharged by the end of 1918.
Australian troops returning home after WWI ended; a snapshot when they crossed the Equator
Australian troops returning home after WWI ended; a snapshot when they crossed the Equator Source: State Library of Victoria
Of the 12 Indian Anzacs recruited by the AIF, Private Sirdar Singh of 3rd Light Horse seems to be the only one who received a promotion while in service. He was made a Lance Corporal in January 1918, but within months, he was demoted and was made a Trooper again. “The 3rd Light Horse served in the Middle East, deployed in places like Cairo and Palestine,” says Stanley. “Those soliders were never sent to Europe. It is possible that while serving in Egypt, the AIF needed an expereiced soldier to become an NCO (a non-commissioned officer) to take on additional charges. They weren’t paid any additional money for it, but were given additional responsibilities. Its quite possible that in a few months time, the AIF didn’t need to continue Sirdar Singh’s service as a Lance Corporal and demoted him, or maybe he wasn’t good enough. The records just don’t reveal why Sirdar Singh was remanded to Private, but obviously, the AIF had the authority to promote or demote anyone for reasons best known to them.”
British and allied forces in North Africa
British and allied forces in North Africa; Image H99 Source: State Library of Victoria
Records show that during WWI, five of the Indian-origin soldiers were recruited in South Australia, four in New South Wales, two in Western Australia and one in Victoria. Of these, at least three of them were never involved in any active service, and dismissed within a short time of recruitment for reasons like “unlikely to become an efficient soldier” or “unsuitable physique”, or as in the case of Linna Singh, who enlisted at the 44th Depot in Perth and was rejected because he was “not of substantially European descent.” Peter Stanley thinks, that the recruiting officer “enforced the letter of the Defence Act, which formally prohibited non-white men from being accepted.”
From the AIF records of Pte Linna Singh
From the AIF records of Pte Linna Singh Source: NAA
In another instance, the letter of the Defence Act was fully enforced and worked both ways for Pte Juwan Singh of SA. He was recruited in November 1916 and was supplied with lower dentures, as per the rules. But within a month of joining, he was "admonished for disobedience" and early in 1917, he was discharged from AIF.

On the other hand, there are great stories of valour and sacrifice made by these Indian Anzacs, who swore allegiance to the Australian flag during WWI. Many of them were awarded medals for their bravery and service to the nation, most commonly earning the British War Medal and  the Victory Medal and sometimes also the 1914/15 Star. Most of them were previously hawkers, labourers or farmers, and some of them had previously served for the British Indian Army. Like most (about 75%) AIF volunteers, most Indians were unmarried, with only two of the twelve citing names of their wives in Australia at the time of enlistment. Pte Davy Singh, who was born in Lahore, stated that his wife’s name was Janey Singh of Newcastle (NSW) and their son’s name was Tommy Singh. Similarly Hazara Singh who served in 3rd Light Horse was married to Ada Singh, and also belonged to NSW.
Medals won by Pte Ganessa Singh for his service in AIF during WWI
Medals won by Pte Ganessa Singh for his service in AIF during WWI Source: From the private collection of Gurmit Singh
Perhaps another very interesting fact pertaining to these Indian Anzacs is the religion or denomination noted in their records at the time of enlistment. Gurbachan Singh (born in Jandiala near Jullundur) is denoted as belonging to the Church of England, Linna Singh (born in Punjab) is marked as a Roman Catholic. Desanda Singh, Ganessa Sigh, Hazara Singh Juwan Singh, and Sirdar Singh have either “Sikh” or “Singh” denoted as their religion, whilst Davy Singh (born Lahore), Nain Singh Sailani (born Simla), Nundah Singh (born Punjab) and Sarn Singh (born Jullundur) are all marked as “Hindoo”. In fact there are two separate enlistment records for Sarn Singh, one denoting him as Hindoo and another stating Church of England in all probability.

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One set of AIF records showing Sarn Singh as a Hindoo
One set of AIF records showing Sarn Singh as a Hindoo Source: NAA
Peter Stanley explains this as a common discrepancy back then. “The correct recording of anyone’s religion depended on the recruiting sergeant and his knowledge of the religions of India. It is quite possible that the sergeant may have asked the person who turned up for recruitment about his religion, didn’t understand the answer, and just because they were from India, wrote down Hindoo. Or due to their own 'default setting', marked them as Roman Catholic or Church of England. It also very plausible that the person being recruited wasn’t fully conversant in English and couldn’t read what was written down as his religion. So things like these are not surprising, and can’t be taken literally.” 

It should be noted that while a few of the Indian origin volunteers joining the AIF during WWI could sign their own names, as evidenced in the enlistment forms, many records show that the recruiting agents themselves signed for the newly enlisted Indian Anzacs. This may point to an inability of the Indian born soldiers in AIF, to read and write English. Stanley agrees as he says, "While a vast majority of the Australian soldiers were literate, the literacy rate among the Indian recruits was very low."
Another set of AIF records suggesting that Sarn Singh belonged to Church of England
Another set of AIF records suggesting that Sarn Singh belonged to Church of England Source: NAA
There is another interesting record of George Sims, who was formerly known as Johar Singh. He stated that he was born in Hebel, Queensland, and enlisted from Melbourne in July 1915, with his religion marked as “Roman Catholic”. He probably is the first person of Indian origin to join the AIF, with the recruitment form clearly stating he had “substantially European origin.” But he was later discharged in March 1916, without undertaking much active duty. The reason for his discharge at Broadmeadows on 26/03/16, is stated as “services no longer required”. Peter Stanley believes, “Its possible that Geroge Sims was of mixed race – there was a substantial Christian minority in South India.”
Record for George Sims, previous known as Johar Singh
Record for George Sims, previous known as Johar Singh. He may well be the first Indian origin Anzac, who joined AIF in July 1915 Source: NAA
As for how one military personnel could have multiple recruitment records, Stanley says, ”Everything was recorded by hand in those days. Its quite posible that someone came for recruitment one day, was turned away , but recalled later. A second form could be created then. Or multiple forms could be created at various sections within the AIF, because everything was paper-based. But the fact is, that Australia really desperately needed to recruit volunteers during WWI and some of them did come from multicultural backgrounds, despite the White Australia Policy.”
British and allied forces in Northern Africa during WWI
British and allied forces in Northern Africa during WWI Source: NAA
Below is a snapshot of all twelve soldiers of Indian origin who volunteered to join the Australian Imperial Force during WWI, based on records at the National Archives of Australia. Each AIF member is mentioned by the order of recruitment.

George Sims aka Johar Singh 13/ 7th Battalion

Born Hebel (Qld), enlisted 22/7/1915 at Melbourne, Vic.

Age: 28 years

Profession: Contractor 

Unmarried

Religion: Roman Catholic

 

Hazara Singh 13th Battalion

Born Lahore (United India)

Enlisted 06/01/1916 in Liverpool NSW. Multiple enlistment forms archived.

Father Dilip Singh in Lahore

Age: 33 years

Profession: Store-keeper

Wife: Ada Singh

Religion: Sikh

Previous service for British Indian Army: served in Burma for 5 years and service in 32nd Sikhs during Afghanistan war also recorded in another recruitement form.

Discharged 20/06/1918 because he was overage and deemed “medically unfit”.

 

Linna Singh, 44 Depot (assigned 5 MD but no military service record).

Born Punjab “near Delhi”

Enlisted on 04/01/1916 at Perth, WA

Age: 45 years

Profession: Traveller

Was legally separated from wife Amelia Singh and son was at Arenja orphanage with unknown address.

Religion: Roman Catholic

Previously served in Indian army for over 6 years.

Discharged because he was “not of substantially European descent”

 

Nain Singh Sailani, 44th Battalion

Born Simla (India) enlisted 7/2/1916 at Perth, WA

Age: 43years

Profession: Labourer

Unmarried

Religion: Hindoo

Killed in Action in Belgium 01/06/1917

Buried with honour at the Strand Military Cemetery in Ploegsteert Wood, Belgium - in plot 2, Grave 10.

 

Davy singh, 33rd  Battalion

Born Lahore (United India)  enlisted 12/2/1916 at Inverell NSW

Age:  34 years

Profession: hawker

Wife Janey Singh in Newcastle, NSW, had son named Tommy Singh

Religion: Hindoo

Discharged from AIF in Sydney, declared medically unfit. Settled in Boolaroo afterwards

 

Gurbachan Singh 3rd battalion and 56th Battalion

Born Jandiala near Jullundur, brother’s name Indarar Singh

Enlisted on 5/04/1916 in Sydney NSW

Age: 43 years

Profession: Dealer

Unmarried

Religion:  Church of England

Discharged 04/06/1918.

 

Sarn Singh 43rd Battalion

Born Jullundur, Wife Partop (also written as Pardab) Kaur

Enlisted 15/05/1916 at Adelaide SA

Age 33 years,

Religion: Multiple records – one denotes Church of England, another says Hindoo.

Killed in Action in Belgium 10/06/1917
Medals awarded to Sarn Singh for his service to AIF
Medals awarded to Sarn Singh for his service to AIF Source: NAA
Ganessa Singh 10th Battalion

Born Punjab (brothers Myea Singh and Kurtar Singh – Raipur Doaba, Tehsil Nawashehar, dist Jullundur)

Enlisted 11/09/1916 at Adelaide, SA

Age 37 years

Profession: Farmer.

Unmarried

Religion: Sikh

Served overseas, discharged 20/09/1918

 

Sirdar Singh 3rd Light Horse

Born Doosanjh Punjab, brother Chanunn Singh in Doosanjh named next of kin

Enlisted 08/10/1917 in Adelaide, SA

Age: 39 years

Profession: Merchant

Unmarried

Religion: Sikh

Previously served 4 yrs 7 months for 16th Bengal Lancers in India

Promoted to Lance Corporal in Jan 1918, but was reverted back to trooper in April. Discharged for “family reasons” on 10/10/1918 after service of 1 year 3 days including 212 days overseas.

On 10/07/1918 an urgent message was sent from Egypt, urgently requesting that Sirdar Singh and Desanda Singh be returned to Australia. “Considered inadvisable to retain Troopers Singh Desanda, Singh Sirdar, enlisted Adelaide 3 LH, owing to peculiar conditions in this theatre. Request permission to return them to Australia. Treat as Urgent.” Commander in Chief approved, and both returned to Australia by the Wiltshire.

 

Desanda Singh 3rd Light Horse

Born Punjab (brother’s name Chunda Singh, Kapurthala)

Enlisted 1/11/1917 at Adelaide, SA

Age: 38 years

Profession: Farmer

Unmarried

Religion: Singh

 

 Juwan Singh 3rd Light Horse

Enlisted 5/11/1917 at Adelaide, SA

Born Ladhran (Punjab, India)

Age: 41 years

Profession: Farmer and horse dealer

He knew Sirdar Singh of Adelaide

Widower. Had a son named Purtan Singh back home in Punjab.

Religion: Singh

Was supplied lower dentures by AIF upon recruitment, as per law.

On 14/12/1917 was “admonished for disobedience of orders”.

Discharged 08/02/1918 with the notation “Unlikely to become an efficient soldier”.

 

 

Nundah Singh

Born Lahore (United India) , brother Partab Singh named next of kin

Enlisted 25/01/1918 at Darlinghurst NSW

Age: 35 years

Profession: farmer

Widower

Religion: Hindoo

On 26/02/1918 found unfit for service because of “unsuitable physique”. (Interestingly, records show he is taller and better built than some other Indian Anzacs)

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11 min read
Published 9 June 2017 3:46pm
Updated 10 November 2018 9:04am
By Manpreet K Singh

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