Coronavirus infections have topped 30 million around the globe as the World Health Organization warned of "alarming rates of transmission" across Europe and cautioned against shortening quarantine periods.
The WHO's regional director for Europe Hans Kluge said a September surge - Europe set a new record last week, with some 54,000 cases recorded in 24 hours - "should serve as a wake-up call for all of us".
"Although these numbers reflect more comprehensive testing, it also shows alarming rates of transmission across the region," he told an online news conference from Copenhagen.
More than 30 million infections have been recorded and more than 943,000 people have died since the novel coronavirus emerged in China late last year, according to the latest AFP tally based on Johns Hopkins data.
Europe accounts for 4.7 million of the total.
Across Europe, governments are battling to contain the fresh spike in cases, while wanting to avoid inflicting fresh damage on their economies and imposing broad new restrictions on their virus-weary populations.
French authorities are preparing tighter restrictions in several cities to curtail a surge in COVID-19 cases that has seen nearly 10,000 new cases per day reported over the past week.
Health Minister Olivier Veran said new measures would be announced for Lyon and Nice by Saturday, after curbs on public gatherings were imposed this week in Bordeaux and Marseille.
Students wear face masks as part of COVID-19 measures at La Sorbonne Nouvelle University in Paris, France. Source: AAP
'Second hump'
In Britain, new measures will take effect Friday, with Prime Minister Boris Johnson warning that pubs may have to close earlier to help avoid a "second hump" of coronavirus cases.
Residents of northeast England, including the cities of Newcastle and Sunderland, will no longer be allowed to meet people outside their own homes.
The government, which is facing criticism over a lack of testing capacity, imposed rules across England on Monday limiting socialising to groups of six or fewer, as daily cases reached levels not seen since early May.
Britain has been Europe's worst-hit country with nearly 42,000 deaths.
Boris Johnson has warned pubs across Britain may be forced to close early. Source: AAP
Worldwide the pandemic has killed over 940,00 people since surfacing in China late last year, with the United States worst hit.
The city of Madrid meanwhile backtracked on a plan for targeted lockdowns and said it would instead move to "reduce mobility and contacts" in areas with high infection rates.
Austria announced that private indoor gatherings would be limited to 10 people, including all parties, private events and meetings indoors.
Chancellor Sebastian Kurz had warned earlier this week that the Alpine nation was entering a second wave of infections.
Israel's second shutdown
Outside Europe, Israel is set to be the first developed country to enforce a second nationwide shutdown, to begin on Friday afternoon.
Its government called for hundreds of its citizens who are blocked on the Ukraine-Belarus border to return home.
Around 2,000 Hasidic Jew pilgrims, mainly from the US, Israel and France, are massed at the border which has been closed by Ukraine for most of this month to prevent the spread of the virus.
The pilgrims were hoping to reach the city of Uman for the Jewish New Year this weekend.
Ultra-Orthodox Jewish men inspect yellow citron, used during the celebration of Sukkot. Source: AAP
Israel has the world's second-highest virus infection rate after Bahrain, according to an AFP tally.
In further comments on Thursday, the WHO Europe said it would not change its guidance for a 14-day quarantine period for those exposed to the virus.
The recommendation is "based on our understanding of the incubation period and transmission of the disease. We would only revise that on the basis of a change of our understanding of the science," WHO Europe's senior emergency officer Catherine Smallwood said.
France has reduced the recommended time period for self-isolation to seven days, while it is 10 days in the UK and Ireland. Several more European countries, such as Portugal and Croatia, are also considering shorter quarantines.
Race for a vaccine continues
Elsewhere, a study released by Oxfam found that rich nations have already bought up over half the promised COVID-19 vaccine stocks.
"Access to a life-saving vaccine shouldn't depend on where you live or how much money you have," said Robert Silverman of Oxfam America.
Drug companies are racing to produce an effective jab to counter a virus that has now killed more than 940,000 people around the world and infected almost 30 million.
Turkey has started the third phase of a COVID-19 vaccine human trial made by China's Sinovac Biotech. Source: AAP
The five leading vaccine candidates currently in late-stage trials will be able to supply 5.9 billion doses, enough to inoculate about three billion people, Oxfam said.
Some 51 per cent of those jabs have been snapped up by wealthy nations and blocs including the United States, Britain, the European Union, Australia, Hong Kong and Macau, Japan, Switzerland and Israel.
The remaining 2.6 billion have been bought by or promised to developing countries including India, Bangladesh, China, Brazil, Indonesia and Mexico.
As tragedies multiply, governments face legal action from citizens for alleged response failures.
A French association of COVID-19 victims plans to file a legal complaint against Prime Minister Jean Castex over France's handling of the pandemic, its lawyer said.
In China, however, bereaved relatives have had their lawsuits abruptly rejected while dozens of others face pressure from authorities not to file, according to people involved in the effort.
The economic effects of the pandemic continue to grow.
On Thursday New Zealand plunged into recession for the first time in a decade, the 12.2 per cent contraction in April-June "by far the largest" since records began, national data agency Stats NZ said.
People in Australia must stay at least 1.5 metres away from others. Check your state’s restrictions on gathering limits.
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